Courage

Courage, or andreia  in Greek, is a central virtue in both Stoic philosophy and classical ethics, representing the quality of bravery and fortitude in the face of danger or adversity. Derived from the Greek word for "man" (ἀνήρ, anēr), courage embodies a sense of manliness and strength. In the Stoic tradition, courage is understood as the moral fortitude necessary to act according to one's principles and values, even when confronted with significant challenges or threats.

In its essence, courage involves facing and overcoming fear. It is not about the absence of fear but rather the capacity to act despite it. This means recognizing one's fears, evaluating their reality, and proceeding with action that aligns with one's ethical and rational judgments. Courage, therefore, is the ability to persist in doing what one believes is right, even when it is uncomfortable or risky.

Historically, andreia was particularly valued in contexts such as warfare or leadership, where physical bravery and the ability to confront danger were highly esteemed. However, its philosophical interpretation extends beyond mere physical bravery to encompass moral and ethical dimensions, emphasizing the strength to uphold one’s values and principles in the face of any form of adversity.