Appropriation

Oikeiôsis is a fundamental concept in Stoic philosophy that describes the natural process through which living beings, particularly humans, develop a sense of affiliation, belonging, and moral concern.
The term, which can be translated as
"appropriation,"
"affinity," or
"familiarization," explains how individuals come to recognize what is their own in terms of identity, relationships, and moral obligations, and how this recognition gradually extends to encompass others.

The process of oikeiôsis begins with the instinct for self-preservation. From birth, all living creatures are naturally inclined to care for themselves and avoid harm. This initial self-concern forms the foundation of oikeiôsis. In humans, it involves recognizing one's own body, mind, and well-being as something to be protected and nurtured.

As individuals grow and mature, their sense of oikeiôsis extends beyond themselves to include their immediate family and loved ones. This is evident in the natural care and affection that parents show for their children and that people feel for those closest to them. This extension of care is not limited to biological ties but can include friends and others with whom one shares a close relationship.

Further development of oikeiôsis involves recognizing that one's social connections extend even further, to the broader community. This includes fellow citizens, members of one's society, and, ultimately, all of humanity. The Stoics believed that humans, as rational beings, are naturally inclined to extend their moral concern outward, gradually embracing a sense of kinship with all people. This expansion of moral concern is rooted in the recognition that all humans share a common nature and are part of the same rational order of the universe.

The ultimate goal of oikeiôsis in Stoicism is to align one's actions with this broader sense of belonging, leading to a life of virtue.